???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???, ??? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??. ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ?? "??? ??????" ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ??????? ???????? ??? ????, ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????. ? ????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????. ?? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????.
??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????, ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??. ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.

??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????
??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????, ??? ???????????????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????. ??????? ?????????:
1. ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????
???? ??? ???????: 1,400°C (2,552°F) ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???, ????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??.
???????? ????????: ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? 70% ????? ????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????.
??? ??? ???????????: 0.03 W/m·K ???? ??? ???, ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? 15-30% ???? ??? ?????.
???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.